Application

1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of amaranth and amaranth oil
3. Diet-therapy of IIH
4. The Design of Research
5. Contingent of patients and their clinical characteristic
6. The results of research of amaranth oil by IIH and hyperlipoproteidemia
7. Conclusions

2. Characteristics of amaranth and amaranth oil

Amaranth oil is received from seeds of amaranth (Amaranthus L). Amaranth (gr. - eternal) was brought in culture by peoples, populated in Central and South America more than five thousand years BC. Aztecs and the Incas, Indians of Guatemala and Peru cooked different dishes from seeds of amaranth, used it in medicine and in religious ceremonies as well. For Indians amaranth was a sacred plant. During the seizure of America the cultivation of amaranth as a cult plant was strictly forbidden by Spanish conquistadors as well as paganism and Indian culture was eradicated. Amaranth remained only in mountain areas of Mexico and in the Andes. Traditional recipes of dishes from seeds and verdure of amaranth by different peoples are various. Peoples of less developed countries of Central and South America mill seeds and add into the flour by cooking of main dishes (pinole, thamale, athole). In countries of Asia and Africa grain is heated up by small fire, after that bursted seeds are use as various additions. To use verdure of amaranth people gather it, wash down and eat as salad or scald it, steam, fry, extinguish or bake. Cooked leaves of amaranth can be used as garnish, added into the soup or into children's meal, they also can be made as baked puddings, lasagna, pastes, souffle, pie stuffing etc.

Now recipes of dishes from amaranth can be found in cookbooks, books about healthy food, books describing usage of wild plants for food. Wideness and variety of all applications of amaranth can be showed by following examples. There are recipes of dishes with the addiction of amaranth, amaranth roll, crackers, bread sticks, sticks, piquant spice, salads, sauces, sweets. Amaranth is also added into pilaw, fruitcakes, porridges, bread, hot fancy bread, crunches, dough for baking, rolls, crackers, domestic cookies, pancakes, puddings. Propagules of amaranth are used as salads and also as spices by cooking of such dishes as Indian churri. Some peoples use amaranth for preparation of drink containing water, milk or other liquid.

One of modern variants of amaranth usage is its addition into the structure of composite flours.

Revival of amaranth began in 70-s of XX century when Australian physiologist John Daunton found out, that seeds of amaranth are rich in protein with very high maintenance of lysine - the major irreplaceable amino acid, which shortage is in proteins of seeds cereals. Now amaranth is cultivated all over the world and recognized by UNESCO as the main food culture of XXI century.

In Russia introduction of amaranth into the culture is connected with N.I.Vavilov's name, who during studying of flora of South America in 30th years of last century, became interested in this plant and actively began to propagandize and introduce it in Russia. However, sad events conveying the end of life of great scientist-biologist stooped the distribution of amaranth in Russia. The second revival of this culture began in our country only from 80 years of XX century, mostly due to enthusiasm of professor Magomedova I.M. from St.-Petersburg university and professor Chernova I.A. from Kazan university. Equally with highly valuable protein, seeds of amaranth contain oil unique by its structure. Though its maintenance does not exceed 10 % in seeds of various species. There are about 90 species of amaranth in the world.

What makes amaranth oil so famous? First, it is the extraordinary high maintenance of squalene (up to 8 %) in it. But it is not the only vegetable oil with similar amount of this substance. For example: olive oil contains 0,7 % of squalene, oil of rice bran - 0,3 %, of wheaten buds - 0,1 %.

The general formula of squalene С30Н50 shows high degree of regeneration of this composition, its structural formula is rather complex. It is natural acyclic triterpen with six double (unsaturated) compositions, namely 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaen. Now pure squalene is received from of liver fat of deep-water sharks where its maintenance can be from 60 up to 90 %, depending on species of sharks. Squalene belongs to the most important biologically active compositions and plays in organism the role of regulator of lipid and steroid exchange, being the predecessor of many steroid hormones, cholesterol and D.Squalene's vitamin - necessary component of sebaceous glands of human's hypodermic cellulose which is always found in skin abjections. It is typical, that maintenance of squalene suddenly grows in zones of wound damage of skin and in blood. It proves its protective role.

Squalene is used for a long time as the component of medical and preventive means. Japan leads in this sense as the country in which the manufacture of squalene from shark's liver was made for the first time. In 1979 the antitumoral preparation on the basis of squalene was patented, the compositions, containing squalene as active component, were created as pharmaceutical ointments and gargle for treatment of diseases of the mucous oral cavity. These preparations have analgetic properties and accelerate processes of granulation and cuticularization of tissue.

Squalene is also used in perfumery and cosmetic industries. Creams and gels rejuvenating human's skin, promoting disappearance of wrinkles were created on its basis, as well as preparations for prolongation of action of fragrant perfumery products. In Japan tooth-paste containing squalene is patented and produced for treatment-and-prophylactic purposes. Thus, squalene can be referred to the group of parapharmaceutics, occupying a border line zone between pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. The following most important components of amaranth oil are tocopherols (vitamin Е) mostly in biologically most active trienol form. According to Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Science the total maintenance of tocopherols in amaranth oil received by sparing technology can reach 1 %. Being natural fat-soluble antioxidants, tocopherols and especially tocotrienols interfere free-radical reactions, normalize lipid exchange, reduce level of cholesterol in blood. On the basis of tocopherols and their derivatives a number of preparations was created for hypocholesterinemic purposes and also for treatment and prevention of stomach ulcer, ulcer colitis, and for compositions for activation of phagocytes action.

Tocopherols' antioxidant properties are used for reduction of toxicity of thermally processed food oils and for increase of periods oils' shelflife. In America a number of dietary compositions with normalized maintenance of vitamin Е in form of a-tocopherol and y-tocopherol is created. It is established, that human's average usage of a-tocopherol should make 10 mg / day, and of y-tocopherol - in 2,5 times more.

There is also high maintenance of phospholipids in amaranth oil (10 %), prevailing component of which is phosphatidilcholine (lecithin). The biological role of lecithin is well-known. It is enough to mention the high maintenance of lecithin in an egg yolk and also in brain of human and animals.

There is one more group of biologically active compositions in amaranth oil. These are phytosterols. Their maintenance reaches 2 %. Scientists distinguish up to 5 types of phytosterols. They all are derivatives of squalene. As well as squalene, phytosterols have ability to decrease level of cholesterol in blood of experimental animals. The greatest physiological activity belongs to ?- Sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. Hypocholesterinemic effect of amaranth oils is also related to rather high maintenance of phytosterols in it.

Amaranth oil belongs to the group of linoleic acids by its structure of fatty acids triglyceride (up to 50 % from sum of fatty acids). The maintenance of the most biologically active omega-3-linolenic acid reaches 1 %. Thus, the detailed analysis of biochemical structure of amaranth oil shows that by amount and panel of biologically active substances, mostly of squalene it has no equal oil among other ones which have biological activity. Naturally that physicians and pharmacists, perfumers and cosmeticians became interested in amaranth oil. According to foregoing information, all biologically active substances of oil came into use in creation of many medical products of wide spectrum of action. So it was expedient to investigate amaranth oil as complex, unique medical product.

Nowadays RPE "Tsvet" has developed the technology for receiving of amaranth oil by extraction. Among existing ways of receiving of vegetable oils the method of cold extraction is the most safe, oil does not contain extraneous impurity, corresponds to requirements of sanitary norms for not refined oils, has pleasant taste and can be used directly for nutrition.

As a result of application of cold extraction method the pure 100 % product appears without traces of solvents and harmful impurity – it is food treatment-and-prophylactic amaranth oil. Experts of Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academies of Medical Science investigated in details biochemical structure and quality of amaranth oil received by given technology According to their conclusion, it meets all food oils requirements and contains in its structure a significant amount of all biologically active substances. High efficiency of amaranth oil is shown by treatment of illnesses of oral cavity, other skin diseases - eczema and trophic ulcers of shin, postoperative for a long time not healing wounds. It allows to recommend it for local treatment of foregoing diseases by adults and – that is especially important – by children as well. Researches of this direction of studying of medical properties of amaranth oil were lead in Voronezh State Medical Academy named after N.N.Burdenko. Good therapeutic qualities of amaranth oil by treatment of burns, antibacterial activity of oil and also its antitumoral properties on laboratory animals were confirmed both by experiment, and by clinical researches in leading establishments of our country (Institute of surgery named after A.V.Vishnevskiy of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; scientific research institute of oncology named after prof. N.N.Petrov (St-Petersburg)).

Ischemic illness of heart and atherosclerosis occupy one of the first places for case and death rates of population of economically developed countries. Occurrence, development and progressing are closely related to distribution of such risk factors as lipidemia, arterial hypertensia, extra weight of body, diabetes or breached tolerance to carbohydrates etc.

Data of clinical, experimental and epidemiological researches from various regions of the world convincingly show close correlative connection between nutrition structure of population and case and death rates from ischemic illness of heart (IIH).

For this reason the essential role in treatment and preventive maintenance of IIH and its basic risk factors belongs to dietotherapy. Usage of food factor allows to achieve good and prolonged effect. The important role of dietotherapy in prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis is beyond doubt. In this case the most expressed influence on pathogenetic mechanisms of atherosclerosis has modification of fatty component of ration, and in particular decrease of maintenance of saturated and increase of unsaturated fatty acids. It is proved, that modification of fatty component of ration has the most expressed influence on the state of lipid exchange. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of family w-6 and w-3 are used as hypolipidemic agents. In this connection big importance attaches to usage in dietotherapy of products with reduced maintenance of animal fat. To such products can be totally referred amaranth oil that contains squalene and promotes decrease in blood serum of cholesterol level. In this connection the oil of amaranth as nonconventional in our country can be perspective in treatment and prevention of breach of lipid exchange, atherosclerosis and IIH. Oil received from seeds of amaranth contains PUFA, which basis is made of linoleic acid and also squalene (up to 8 %), tocopherols (up to 1 %), phospholipids (up to 10 %), phytosterols (up to 2 %). The content of squalene in amaranth oil depends on the species of amaranth and the way of oil receiving. Hydrocarbon squalene, being one of the main intermediate compositions in biosynthesis of cholesterol, is known for its ability to reduce level of cholesterol in blood serum and in liver. Cholesterol-reducing effect of squalene is connected with inhibition of activity of hepatic 3-hydrox-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme a- reductase, with increase of activity of 7a- hydroxylase, and also with possible influence on adsorption of cholesterol. Other valuable components of oil are phytosterols - extremely vegetable substances included in cellular membranes and determining normal functioning of vegetative cells, just as CS by animals and human. By structure vegetative sterols differ from CS only by presence of ethyl (sitosterol) or methyl (campesterol) groups in lateral chain. Researches of CS balance show that vegetative sterols and stanols (derivatives of sterols) brake absorption of CS in intestine. Thus, amaranth oil can be used as additional source of PUFA, squalene, phytosterols and also can be used by creation of food biologically active additions, improving state of lipid exchange. In this connection, studying of dose-depending effect of amaranth oil by patients with IIH and GLP was of great interest.